Of hypertension in type 2 Diabetes
Of hypertension in type 2 Diabetes

Isang malawak na pagpipilian ng mga gamot mismo pati na rin ng mga pamamaraan para sa pagbawas ng gamot mula sa mataas na presyon ang nagbibigay-daan sa iyo na pumili ng pinaka-komportableng programa ng paggamot – ang abot-kaya sa gastos, na may minimal na pagpapakita ng mga side effect, at isinasaalang-alang ang ibang kasamang sakit. Kapag matagal ang pag-inom ng tabletas at binabago ng doktor ang gamot, ito ay dahil ang ilang gamot ay may katangian na magdulot ng pagkagumon, na nagreresulta sa kaunting pagbaba ng bisa nito. Bukod dito, hindi lahat ng grupo ng gamot ay angkop para sa mga pasyente sa iba't ibang edad, at may mga limitasyon din sa pagiging compatible nito sa ibang uri ng gamot.
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Of hypertension in type 2 Diabetes: pathophysiology and clinical implicationsDiabetes Mellitus type 2 (DM2) and arterial hypertension (high blood pressure) along often: According to epidemiological studies, up to 80% of patients with DM2 suffer from a concomitant hypertension. This combination increases the risk for cardiovascular events, kidney disease and stroke significantly.Pathophysiological ConnectionsThe close Association between DM2 and hypertension can be controlled by several common pathophysiological mechanisms to explain:Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. An impaired effect of insulin leads to increased insulin concentration in the blood. Insulin can affect renal function and sodium reabsorption promote, which increases the blood volume and thus blood pressure.Activation of the sympathetic nervous system. In the case of insulin resistance, the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is often increased, which leads to vasoconstriction and an increase in peripheral resistance.Renin‑Angiotensin‑aldosterone‑System (RAAS). In DM2 the RAAS überakti may be the fourth. Angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor, stimulates not only the blood pressure, but also the development of kidney damage (Diabetic nephropathy).Endothelial dysfunction. Hyperglycemia and metabolic disorders in DM2 cause damage to the vascular endothelium, which leads to a decreased production of vasodilators such as nitric oxide (NO).Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Chronic inflammation and increased oxidative Stress in DM2 contribute to the vascular hardening (atherosclerosis), and to the emergence of high blood pressure.Clinical ConsequencesThe common presence of DM2 and hypertension multiplies the risk for:Heart attackHeart failure,Stroke,diabetic nephropathy and chronic kidney disease,retinal damage (diabetic retinopathy).Therapeutic StrategiesEffective blood pressure control in patients with DM2 is of crucial importance. The international guidelines recommend a target blood pressure of less than 140/90 mmHg, with a high cardiovascular risk, even below 130/80 mmHg.First-line therapy in DM2 and hypertension:ACE inhibitors (eg, Lisinopril) or AT1‑receptor blockers (e.g., Losartan): they protect the kidneys and are particularly indicated in the case of proteinuria.Calcium channel blockers (e.g. amlodipine): Effective in lowering blood pressure and good tolerability.Thiazide diuretics (e.g. hydrochlorothiazide): can be Combined with other substances, but with caution for the treatment of metabolic disorders.In addition to life-style-related measures are essential:Weight reductionSalt reduction (<5 g/day),regular physical activity,Reduction of alcohol consumption,Smoking cessation.ConclusionHypertension in type 2 Diabetes is a multifactorial phenomenon is associated with complex pathophysiological Together. An aggressive reduction of blood pressure in combination with glycemic control and health-promoting life-style can reduce the risk of serious complications is significantly and the quality of life of the Affected significantly improve.
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